Liner Notes

One of the things I’ve always liked to read on music albums back when they were a physical entity was the liner notes. In the notes, you could find who wrote the song, what musicians played on it, who produced it, etc.

With this information, I’d start to making connections. For example, if an album I really liked was produced by a certain person, I’d start to look for other albums produced by him or her. Though liner notes are more or less no longer written, there’s still information out there to be found.

The artifact I centered this project on is the 2002 album “Happy Songs” by Audra McDonald. I chose this album because I was already familiar with it, and I was vaguely aware that most of the songs were from an earlier era, so I thought it might make a rich site for archival investigation.

From the list of songs on the album, I started to look online at what I could find about each one. I knew that finding out the songwriters or the musicians would not be hard to find, but as this is an archival research project, I wanted to see what else might be attached to each song, to see what “story” the song might tell that was beyond the recording on the album.

The internet, as might be expected, was my resource for this. Sometimes my search would only yield cursory information listed on Wikipedia, but Wikipedia has improved over the years, and it has become far more reliable than it used to be. Additionally, Wikipedia has footnotes that lead to far richer sources, and sometimes they led to an actual online archive. One of the benefits of this particular project was to discover how many digital archives are available. Some yielded interesting information, while others less so.

I also decided that this would not necessarily be a deep dive into each song. Also, some have more interesting stories than others, so I present varying levels of depth depending on the song and what I found.

The Songs

Ain't it the Truth

Lyrics By – E.Y. Harburg Music By – Harold Arlen

This song is from the 1943 movie musical “Cabin in the Sky.” This film had a cast of the leading African-American stars of that time, including Ethel Waters, Lena Horne, Eddie “Rochester” Anderson, Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington.

Ethel Waters, Kenneth Spencer, Eddie "Rochester" Anderson, Lena Horne, and Rex Ingram in Cabin in the Sky

Photo Credit: Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Photographs and Prints Division, The New York Public Library. “Ethel Waters, Kenneth Spencer, Eddie “Rochester” Anderson, Lena Horne, and Rex Ingram in Cabin in the Sky” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1943. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/bac24f69-8ff4-f9f1-e040-e00a18063311

This song is performed in the film by Lena Horne, who played Georgia Brown. One of the particularly interesting things about this song is that while it was filmed and recorded, it was cut from the film before the theatrical release. This was done because Horne was shot singing the song while in a bubblebath, and the censors at the time felt that seeing a Black woman “naked” in a bubblebath was too risque.

The scene has been restored to the movie, but there is a clip of it available on YouTube. Below is a screenshot of Horne from that scene.

Tess's Torch Song

Lyrics by Ted Koehler, Music by Harold Arlen

Sung by Dinah Shore (pictured below) for the 1944 film “Up in Arms.”

Photo Credit: Billy Rose Theatre Division, The New York Public Library. "Dinah Shore" The New York Public Library Digital Collections. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-4184-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99

The sheet music, pictured below, for this song is available from the online archive of the Library of Congress.

Arlen, Harold, and Ted Keohler. Tess's Torch Song. Harms, Inc., New York. Notated Music. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200185136/
Arlen, Harold, and Ted Keohler. Tess's Torch Song. Harms, Inc., New York. Notated Music. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200185136

I Must Have That Man!

Written by Dorothy Fields and Jimmy McHugh

First performed by Adelaide Hall at the Liberty Theater in the 1928 production of “Blackbirds of 1928,” a musical with an “all-black” cast.

Publicity photograph of Adelaide Hall in feather costume for the stage production "Blackbirds of 1928."

Above Photo Credit: Billy Rose Theatre Division, The New York Public Library. “Publicity photograph of Adelaide Hall in feather costume for the stage production Blackbirds of 1928” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1928. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/68c02b40-e27e-0135-8ba0-53591fa8dddc

Photo Credit: https://secondhandsongs.com/live-show/32

“Blackbirds of 1928” was the longest-running musical revue of the 1920s, the “all-black” show was legendary for the talent it produced, from tap-master Bill “Bojangles” Robinson to songwriters Jimmy McHugh (music) and Dorothy Fields (lyrics). Producer–director Lew Leslie compiled the revue, hiring such African American talents as Adelaide Hall, Elizabeth Welch, Aida Ward, Tim Moore, Mantan Moreland, Cecil Mack, and the Hall Johnson Choir and giving Cotton Club tunesmiths McHugh and Fields their Broadway break.”

Source: Hischak, Thomas. “Blackbirds of 1928.” The Oxford Companion to the American Musical. : Oxford University Press, , 2009. Oxford Reference.
https://www-oxfordreference-com.ccny-proxy1.libr.ccny.cuny.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780195335330.001.0001/acref-9780195335330-e-175

Bambalele

Bambalele is a Brazilian folk song arranged by the composer Luciano Gallet, (June 28, 1893 in Rio de Janeiro – October 29, 1931 in Rio de Janeiro).

Luciano Gallet. Photo Credit: Public domain.
Screenshot from Google Books.

I Wish I Were In Love Again

Lyrics by Lorenz Hart – Music by Richard Rodgers

First performed by Grace McDonald (pictured below) in the 1937 Rodgers and Hart musical Babes in Arms

Rolly Pickert (Gus Fielding) and Grace McDonald (Dolores Reynolds) in Babes in Arms

ABOVE PHOTO CREDIT: Billy Rose Theatre Division, The New York Public Library. “Rolly Pickert (Gus Fielding) and Grace McDonald (Dolores Reynolds) in Babes in Arms” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1937. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/7af05d7e-cf1e-d847-e040-e00a18062cf5

The 1937 stage version of “Babes in Arms” also featured the Nicholas Brothers. This musical would be their first on Broadway.

Kenneth Wilkins (Booker Vanderpool), Fayard Nicholas (Irving de Quincy), Harold Nicholas (Ivor de Quincy) and George Watts (Sheriff Reynolds) in "Babes in Arms"

ABOVE PHOTO CREDIT : Billy Rose Theatre Division, The New York Public Library. “Kenneth Wilkins (Booker Vanderpool), Fayard Nicholas (Irving de Quincy), Harold Nicholas (Ivor de Quincy) and George Watts (Sheriff Reynolds) in Babes in Arms” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1937. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/7af05d7e-cf20-d847-e040-e00a18062cf5

The Nicholas Brothers, Fayard and Harold, would go on to international fame in film and and on stage, and they would become regarded as two of the greatest dancers, in any style, of the 20th century. Fred Astaire called their dance sequence in the 1943 film “Stormy Weather” (pictured below) the greatest dance number ever committed to film, which can be seen on YouTube.

The Nicholas Brothers wearing "white tie and tails" (full evening dress) leaping from a stage platform.

ABOVE PHOTO CREDIT: Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library. “The Nicholas Brothers wearing “white tie and tails” (full evening dress) leaping from a stage platform.” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1930 – 1949. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/74cd3054-99bc-4890-e040-e00a1806729d

“Babes in Arms” also featured choreography by George Balanchine, including a “jazz ballet,” which reflected the mainstream popularity of jazz music and dance at that time.

'Peter's journey' A moment from Balanchine's jazz ballet in 'Babes in arms' at the Shubert.

ABOVE PHOTO CREDIT: Billy Rose Theatre Division, The New York Public Library. “‘Peter’s journey’ A moment from Balanchine’s jazz ballet in ‘Babes in arms’ at the Shubert” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1937-06-27. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/7af1cc61-30b7-29fb-e040-e00a180622e6

Supper Time

Written by Irving Berlin

This song first appeared in the 1933 musical “As Thousands Cheer.”

The song was originated by Ethel Waters (pictured below). Though “Suppertime” was a song in a musical that was often satirical, Waters’ song was about a woman that just received the news of her husband’s lynching.

Ethel Water pictured in character from the musical "A Thousand Cheers."

ABOVE PHOTO CREDIT: Billy Rose Theatre Division, The New York Public Library. “Ethel Waters” The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1933. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/9ec4ac80-91a8-7621-e040-e00a180650d1

A video of Waters singing this song can be seen here on Youtube.

The above linked video is from a show called “The Hollywood Palace.” This episode aired on March 8, 1969 with Diana Ross introducing Ethel Waters. For a discussion of that show click here.

Other Projects

Who are the FIRE! sponsors?

The list of sponsors in the first few pages of FIRE! are researched to see what might be learned about them.

Schomburg Twitter

A tweet by the Schomburg Center is the basis for open-ended archival research. Sort of “Six Degrees of the Schomburg Center.”